
ALT Closeup of a wasp perched on a bunch of small white, hairy flowers against a sky-blue background. The wasp has black eyes and antenna, a black thorax, and rust-brown legs, wings, and abdomen. The wasp's abdomen is connected to its thorax via an extended narrow black “waist” (as narrow as its legs), giving the effect of its abdomen appearing held out away from the rest of its body.

ALT Graphic abstract for the paper. Illustration of natural enemies on a leaf surface (parasitoid wasp, mite, spider, lacewing larva) in an orchard being sprayed, a series of images of potential lethal and sublethal effects of those pesticides - sublethal effects including decreased reproduction, reduced predation or parasitism, increased development time, changes in predator movement, with an arrow pointing back to the orchard to indicate these effects can cause pest outbreaks (pests represented by images of a pear psylla, spider mite, and an aphid).































