Electricity generation tariffs in several emerging markets are still pegged to the US dollar — not household bills, but IPP / PPA contracts. To attract foreign lenders, the plant’s capacity payment, equity return and foreign debt are priced in USD (or paid in local currency and reset with the dollar). clearest cases: • Pakistan — NEPRA still indexes most IPP tariffs to PKR/USD, US CPI and SOFR started under 1994 policy by PPP and 2002 policy by Musharrf still having most power plants under these policies • Indonesia — rupiah PPAs, heavily USD-linked • Bangladesh, Kenya, Ghana, Nigeria, Egypt, Zambia • Argentina, Honduras, El Salvador, Dominican Republic • Turkey now pays in lira but keeps a USD floor/ceiling US, EU, India and South Africa generally do not do this. Their projects are financed in local currency. That dollar clause made plants bankable in the 1990s–2010s. Pakistan, Ghana and Kenya are now trying to cap or unwind it. Dollar-pegged power is a financing tool.

مریم نواز ہیلتھ کلینکس ۔۔۔ پرانے BHUs اب اس حالت میں ہیں ۔۔ یہ ہے صحت کا انقلاب ۔۔

Technical Design Limit: Thermal power plants are engineered for high continuous output, with a maximum potential internal availability factor reaching 90% to 95% when accounting strictly for mandatory maintenance downtime. [1] (ifactoryapp.com/blog/power-p…)Base-Load Operation: When run strictly as non-stop base-load units, individual high-efficiency coal or combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants can sustain a plant factor of 80%–90% over specific operational periods. [1] (electrexia.com/plant-capacit…)

یہ پلانٹ تب لگائے گئے جب تھر کوئلہ مائن نہیں ہو سکتا تھا۔ بجلی کی ضرورت تھی۔ اور اس وقت ڈالر 100 روپے کا ہونے کی وجہ سے درآمدی کوئلہ اور RLNG سے پیدا ہونے والی بجلی فرنس آئل سے بہت سستی تھی۔ اس کے علاوہ یہ درآمدی کوئلے والے پاور پلانٹس وقت کے ساتھ تھر کوئلے پر بھی شفٹ ہو سکتے ہیں ۔