Shiling Liang | 梁师翎

ALT A two-panel diagram illustrating how energy constrains a chemical reaction network. At left, clusters of pink shapes represent chemical species connected by reaction pathways within a blue network supplied with fuel by a chemical reservoir. Red and blue paths highlight those that set the thermodynamic limits. At right, a graph with logarithmic concentration axes shows a green band between a red upper bound and a blue lower bound. This bound is the thermodynamic space containing the possible steady-state concentrations. Its width increases with the nonequilibrium driving force, showing how a larger energy budget expands the network’s operating range.