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Millions of Africans were separated from their families and communities through the slave trades. The demographic and social consequences lasted for generations

Britain abolished its participation in the Atlantic slave trade in 1807 and abolished slavery throughout most of its empire in 1833.

African history is much broader than the history of slavery. Africa has also been home to powerful kingdoms, scholars, artists, traders, scientists, and diverse civilizations.

The Great Zimbabwe — The powerful southern African civilization behind one of the continent's most impressive stone cities.

Mansa Musa and the Mali Empire — The famous ruler, his legendary pilgrimage to Mecca, and Mali's prosperity.

The Ghana Empire — How West Africa's early empire became wealthy through trans-Saharan trade.

The Bantu Migrations — How the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples transformed much of central, eastern, and southern Africa.

The Nok Civilization — Early West African society famous for its remarkable terracotta sculptures.

The Kingdom of Aksum — One of Africa's most powerful ancient kingdoms and its role in Red Sea trade.

The Rise of Carthage — How a Phoenician settlement in North Africa became a major Mediterranean power.

Ancient Egypt and the Kingdom of Kush — The relationship, rivalry, and cultural exchange between two great Nile civilizations

African history is often outlined in seven broad chronological and thematic phases, ranging from early human origins to modern global society.

Global Migration: As human populations migrated to different parts of the world with less sunlight over tens of thousands of years, varying climates and lower UV exposure led to genetic mutations that resulted in lighter skin tones.

Sun Protection: Early humans evolved high amounts of melanin (dark skin pigmentation) as a natural adaptation to protect against intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation near the equator.