This nonlinear meta-analysis on the best amount of early phonemic awareness instruction was done by Florina Erbeli, Marianne Rice, Ying Xu, Megan E. Bishop, and J. Marc Goodrich. researchgate.net/publication… The researchers looked at 16 studies with 35 effect sizes. There were 613 students who got phonemic awareness instruction and 542 students who did not. The average age of the students was 5.2 years old. The results showed that the effects of the instruction followed a upside-down U shape. The biggest effect was 0.74. This happened after 10.2 hours of phonemic awareness teaching. After 10.2 hours, the effects started to get smaller. When students were taught individually, the biggest effect was 0.99 after 16.63 hours. This was longer than in the overall results. When letters were used in the teaching, the effects kept getting better after 16 hours. The shape of the curve was more like a regular U shape. For students at risk for reading problems and when basic phonemic awareness was taught, the results were similar to the overall findings. The key conclusion is it's important to plan the right amount of phonemic awareness teaching. This helps students learn the sounds and letter connections. It also helps them make progress in reading. This meta-analysis found 10.2 hours was best for early phonemic awareness teaching to get the biggest effect. The way the teaching was done changed the amount needed. This shows it's important to plan the best amount of teaching.