ALT Phylogenetic tree of Cas12i effector and model of the CasY7 system.

ALT Diagram comparing the mechanics of infection response to WT PH-1 and the cee1 mutant, to show how Fusarium graminearum deploys the conserved effector Cee1 to interfere with wheat immune signaling. Upon entry into host cells, Cee1 associates with the ATP-binding domain of the immune kinase TaMPK3, impairing its activity and defense responses.

ALT Diagram summarizing the conceptual framework for generating hypotheses and open questions on how TAD-associated chromatin dynamics and CGVs together may shape transcriptional plasticity, stress responses, and long-term adaptive evolution in plants.

ALT Diagram describing how, in rice, the retrotransposon Copia2 is activated in response to drought via Ca2+ signaling where the transcription factors SENSING CA2+ TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 (SCT1) and SCT2 bind calmodulin to boost transcription, and hypomethylation of the Copia2 promoter enhances the DNA-binding ability of SCT1 and SCT2 to activate Copia2 expression.

ALT Schematic illustration of NRT1.1B-SPX4-NLP4 or NLP3 response patterns in six different states. States I–IV correspond to plants exposed to constant low-nitrate (LN) or high-nitrate (HN) conditions, as discussed in Ma et al. (2025). States I and II depict a stress-free condition, while states III and IV depict a stress condition, in which abscisic acid (ABA) molecules (red circles) bind to NRT1.1B exclusively under constant LN (Figure 1 State III). Under constant HN conditions, instead of ABA molecules, nitrate ions bind to NRT1.1B, and nitrate is transported from the outside to the inside of the cell (Figure 1 State IV). Abscisic acid molecules are substituted by nitrate. As a reference, the transient application of nitrate ions (green circles) is also included for states V and VI, as discussed in Hu et al. (2019) (note that NLP3 is used here instead of NLP4).

ALT Diagram illustrating how the AMG-LDI-MSI platform uses gold nanoparticle—loaded MoS2 and doped graphene oxide flexible film substrate combined with laser desorption/ionization for rapid and accurate visualization of a wide range of metabolites in various plant tissues by utilizing a versatile, non-sectioning, matrix-free, dual-ion mode mass spectrometry imaging strategy.

ALT Annotated flow diagram illustrating the pathway by which the acylated flavonoid kaempferol-3-O-(6”-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside is produced and its role in plant cold tolerance.

ALT Upper panel: LCI assays between ARF7 and Aux/IAA interactions with or without cold exposure at 1°C in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The pseudo-color bar shows the range of luminescence from weak (blue) to strong (red). Lower panel: Analysis of protein stability of IAA3, IAA14, and their DII mutant counterparts in response to cold or IAA in N. benthamiana leaves.