
ALT Gold coin bearing the bust of King Kaleb of Aksum, ancient Ethiopia, sixth century CE. Royal portraits. Greek inscriptions. Sovereign currency. International trade. Aksum had been minting its own gold coins since the late third century, more than 1,500 years before Hegel's lectures. An African civilization was literally striking its history in gold centuries before European philosophers presumed to deny it.

ALT Pharaoh Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II (reigned c. 2055–2004 BCE). An African king of the Nile Valley who reunified Egypt and founded the Middle Kingdom more than 4,000 years ago. This is not a modern reconstruction. It is an original ancient Egyptian statue, discovered at Deir el-Bahari in 1900. Long before European colonialism, Africa had already produced one of the greatest civilizations in human history. Egypt was African. Its pharaohs were African. Its history is African history. Egyptian Museum, Cairo (JE 36195).
































