👉OVER A CENTURY OF SCIENCE. ONE CONSISTENT MESSAGE. ☝️In medicine, few hypotheses have been tested as rigorously as the relationship between LDL cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 🐇 1913 – Nikolai Anitschkow demonstrated that cholesterol-rich diets induce atherosclerosis in experimental models. ❤️ 1948 – The Framingham Heart Study established the association between cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk. 🏆 1964 Nobel Prize – Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen elucidated the biosynthesis and metabolism of cholesterol. 🏆 1985 Nobel Prize – Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein discovered the LDL receptor, transforming our understanding of cholesterol regulation and familial hypercholesterolemia. 💊 1994 (4S Trial) – Lowering LDL-C with statins reduced cardiovascular events and mortality. 💊+ 💊2015 (IMPROVE-IT) – Further LDL-C reduction with ezetimibe translated into additional cardiovascular benefit. 💉2017–2018 (FOURIER & ODYSSEY Outcomes) – PCSK9 inhibitors demonstrated that achieving very low LDL-C levels produces further risk reduction. 🧬👫🏻🔬🩻Today – Genetics, epidemiology, pathology, imaging, Mendelian randomization studies, and randomized clinical trials continue to converge on the same conclusion. More than a century of basic science and clinical research has consistently pointed in one direction: 👉LDL cholesterol is causal. ☝️Lower is better. ☝️Earlier is better. ☝️Longer is better. When a scientific concept is supported by experimental biology, human genetics, epidemiology, randomized clinical trials, and two Nobel Prizes in Medicine, it is no longer merely a hypothesis. 🙌 It is biology. @society_eas @nationallipid